Thursday, February 28, 2008

美国称注意到中国加强陆军力量的建设

美国注意到中国、俄罗斯和印度加强大陆军的建设,反映美国在掌握全球制海权后,把战略目光转到「由海到陆」的思考。对此,传统上都是大陆国家的中、俄、印,都应该引发如何应付超级强敌「以海制陆」的战略攻势——是优先发展海空军,甚至太空战的力量?还是保持陆战优势,准备打一场陆上卫国战争。
「合众国际社」最近连续发文指出,中国主战坦克的性能不断改进,既发展新型弹药提高穿甲能力,并加挂装甲增强防护力。品种繁多的两栖装甲车辆不仅为渡海攻台之需,在中国河湖交织的水网地区也是快反部队不可或缺的装备。改革开放初期的陆军航空兵只有几十架直升机,如今已发展到四百架,中国新型的武装直升机更是陆军突击的利器,无论野战或巷战都是三维攻防的重要指标。
从表面看,近年几场国际战争已表现出大陆军的没落,缺乏空优的机步师在讯息战中不堪一击,但是中、俄、印这三个传统陆军大国仍重视陆军的发展,大概出于两方面考虑:一是御敌于国门之外没有必胜把握;二是陆战决胜更能发挥天时地利人和的优势。以中国大陆为例,如不得已用兵台海,最后攻占全岛还是陆军的浴血苦战,前提是掌握战区的海空优势。如果能将美日海空军拦截在台海之外自然最好,但是近日美国以海基导弹一发就命中太空轨道上的卫星,有外电指此举显示发展弹道导弹打航母也未必灵光。既然挡不住航母逼近,那就要考虑敌军围魏救赵,突袭大陆而减轻台湾的压力,解放军要立于不败之地,陆军岂能不与时俱进?
俄国海军日益萎缩,战略空军徒具其表,一千七百万平方公里疆土,三点四万公里海岸线不是三十五万海空军守得住的,强化几万辆坦克和大炮才是大陆国家的护身符。
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许霆案背后的民意危险

01204348
正在接受记者采访的许霆父亲

今天的各大报纸都报道了许霆案重审的新闻。这件事情很容易让人想起几年前轰动一时的“刘涌案”,两个案件的审理的背后都充满了“民意”的力量。因为“民意”,最高人民法院极其罕见地对已经生效结案的刑事案件予以了提审,原本可以逃过一命的刘涌,最后被判处了死刑。而这一次正好相反,我相信,在巨大的“民意”下,许霆案不但会改判,而且还会从轻发落。

由于“民意”一词在汉语里,可以解释为“人民的意愿”,因而,“民意”似乎总是对的,而且必须得以遵循。然而,人民毕竟只是一个带有政治色彩的抽象的名词,如果让我们来分析一下许霆案重审背后的民意,我们就会发现,这里的“民”其实是由三类人所构成:大量的媒体,大量的喜欢在网络上发表个人意见的网民,及部分法学专家。他们当然是人民,但也只是一部分,如果仅仅根据这些人的意愿就把它当作是“人民的意愿”,那么,毫无疑问,这对还有更多的没有发表意见的人以及持反对意见的人,是不公的,他们也是人民的一部分。

一个简单的例子是,一名小偷在菜场偷钱,如果按照菜场里的民意,最好能当场枪毙掉。但如果民意的调查是来自于网络,或者一个贫穷的乡村,我们就有可能得到一个完全相反的信息,“要不是家里穷,谁愿意做小偷啊?”因而,任何针对小偷的严惩,都有可能看作是基于恶法的裁判,甚至被解读为对穷人的歧视。

由此可见,这里所谓的民意,其实只是来自于民间的“个人意见的总和”,即,卢梭在《社会契约论》中谈到的四种意志中的“众意”,而非法律必须体现的“公意”。只有“公意”才是永远公正的,才是我们常说的“人民的意愿”。在卢梭看来,只有除掉那些个别意志间正负相抵消的那部分,所剩下的总和才是公意。①

当然,我们并不能排除在有的时候,公意就是众意,这也是许霆案和刘涌案顺应民意重审改判,其结果可能是正确的原因所在,也是我难以批评的原因所在,但,我们也应该意识到,这样的结果可能只是某种“巧合”,就象卢梭所说的,“是极其罕见的事”。很多年前,上海曾发生过一起轰动全国的刑案,一位名叫潘萍的年轻女子,因为感情纠纷而遭男友残忍毁容。在舆论的高度关注下,潘萍的律师和家属频频出镜,或义愤填膺,或痛哭流涕,民众无不为之动容,甚至连妇联都站了出来。最后,在强烈的民意下,那位有“自首”情节的男友被判处了死刑。然而,过了没多久,无论是法学家还是普通民众便开始发思,死刑是不是重了点?法官们同样也意识到了这一点,于是,在随后发生的几起毁容案的判决中,我们发现,很少再有死刑了。那么,对于已经被枪毙的那位男友来说,这意味着什么呢?

法治的实质是一种精神,我曾经在文章说过,司法之独立,不但要求司法能独立于任何党团、政府,同时也要独立于“民意”。首先,这是专业化的要求,我们必须承认,法律是一门专业的知识。即便是在实行陪审团制度的社会,一个案件的审理也必须由专业人士来完成,而不是根据民众的情绪由民众直接投票来决定。第二,我们难以确定到底是什么民意,法官所得到的民意到底代表了多少民众,同时,经验又告诉我们,民意不但容易误解,而且,还因为“话语权”而存在一个是否能够表达的问题,甚至极有可能被他人利用。第三,“顺应民意”很大程度上只是体现了“结果正义”而非 “程序正义”。程序正义才是法治的标志,司法接受社会之监督,只能是对程序的监督。由实体法导致的不公,只能通过立法来予以解决,立法的过程同样必须接受社会的监督。
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Hydraulic Pressure Relief Valves ,
Hydraulic Directional Valves ,
Hydraulic Flow Control Valves ,
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Valve castings and pipe fittings,
Construction parts(casting),
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Zinc die castings,
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Couplings ,
EMT fittings,
couplers cable connectors,
electric metallic tubing,

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die cutting machines ,
cutting machines ,
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welding nozzles ,
gas cutting torch

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